साचा:Citation

Documentation

This documentation is transcluded from साचा:Citation/doc. (view | edit | history)

This template is used on ३,४८,०००+ pages, or roughly 338% of all pages.
To avoid major disruption and server load, any changes should be tested in the template's /sandbox or /testcases subpages, or in your own user subpage. The tested changes can be added to this page in a single edit. Consider discussing changes on the talk page before implementing them.

साचा:Citation Style documentation/lua The Citation template generates a citation for a book, periodical, contribution in a collective work, patent, or a web page. It determines the citation type by examining which parameters are used. As with other citation templates, this template can be used in a footnote (between <ref>...</ref> tags) or in a section that lists sources. This template uses the same Lua code as citation style 1 (CS1) templates with switches to change the displayed format to citation style 2 (CS2).

If the correct parameters are used, this template produces output identical to that of the Cite templates, such as {{Cite book}} and {{Cite web}}, with one important exception: By default, this Citation template uses commas in places where the Cite templates use periods (full stops) by default; either type of template can use periods (full stops) or commas by using an optional parameter. Also, this template by default generates anchors for Harvard references whereas the Cite templates do not (although they can be made to do so). Regardless of which or whether citation templates are used, citation form should be consistent throughout an article.

All parameter names must be lowercase.

Simple citation

This section covers the most commonly used attributes. You can copy the horizontal form or vertical form below and then add in extra attributes from the full list. Spacing and ordering is irrelevant.

{{Citation |last= |first= |year= |title= |publisher= |publication-place= |page= |url= |accessdate= }}

{{Citation \| last = \| first = \| year = \| title = \| publisher = \| publication-place = \| page = \| url = \| accessdate = }}

last: The author's surname or last name. Don't use with the author parameter.
first: The author's first or given name(s).
year: Year of authorship or publication. Mandatory for use with links from Template:Harvard citation, unless |date= specifies both month and year.
title: Title of the work. Mandatory for web references.
publisher: The name of the publisher. Omit terms such as Publishers, Co., Inc., Ltd., etc., but retain the words Books or Press. Not normally included where the publication is a periodical which has its own Wikipedia article (e.g. Newsweek, Billboard).
- publication-place (or place or location): The city of publication. If more than one town/city is listed on the title page, give the first one or the location of the publisher's head office. Omit when the publication is a periodical whose name specifies the location (e.g. The New York Times, The Times of India)
page: For use when one page is cited. Adds "p." before the page number. Do not use with pages.
url: A url of an online location where the item can be found. If the url includes double quotes, these must be encoded as "%22".
- accessdate: Date^{[n १]} when the url was accessed.

Example

{{Citation
| last      = Turner
| first     = Orsamus
| title     = History of the pioneer settlement of
Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve
| publisher = William Alling
| place     = Rochester, New York
| year      = 1851
| ol        = 7120924W
}}

Turner, Orsamus (1851), साचा:Link, Rochester, New York: William Alling

Full citation parameters

These can be used for all types of publication except patents. All are optional and indentation is used simply to group related items — these may be mutually exclusive where indicated. Some hyphenated names can also be placed without hyphens.

{{Citation
| author  =
| last    =
| first   =
| author2 =
| last2   =
| first2  =
| author-link  =
| author2-link =
| author-separator =
| author-name-separator =
| author-mask =
| display-authors =
| editor        =
| editor-last   =
| editor-first  =
| editor2       =
| editor2-last  =
| editor2-first =
| editor-link   =
| editor2-link  =
| translator-last =
| translator-first =
| translator-link = 
| translator2-last =
| translator2-first =
| translator2-link =
| others   =
| publication-date =
| date     =
| year     =
| origyear =
| title    =
| chapter  =
| chapter-url  =
| chapter-format  =
| contribution =
| contribution-url =
| type    =
| journal =
| periodical =
| newspaper  =
| magazine   =
| work =
| edition =
| series  =
| volume  =
| issue   =
| publisher =
| publication-place =
| place    =
| language =
| page  =
| pages =
| nopp  =
| at   =
| id   =
| isbn =
| issn =
| oclc =
| pmid =
| pmc  =
| bibcode =
| doi =
| doi_inactivedate =
| zbl =
| url =
| accessdate  =
| format      =
| archiveurl  =
| archivedate =
| quote      =
| layurl =
| laysource  =
| laydate    =
| separator  = ,
| postscript =
| ref =
}}

Parameters

Description

Authors

साचा:Citation Style documentation/author

Editors

साचा:Citation Style documentation/editor

Title

साचा:Citation Style documentation/title साचा:Citation Style documentation/chapter साचा:Citation Style documentation/type साचा:Citation Style documentation/language

Date

साचा:Citation Style documentation/date

Periodical

साचा:Citation Style documentation/journal

Publisher

साचा:Citation Style documentation/publisher

Edition, series, volume

साचा:Citation Style documentation/edition साचा:Citation Style documentation/series साचा:Citation Style documentation/volume

In-source locations

साचा:Citation Style documentation/pages

URL

साचा:Citation Style documentation/url

Chapter URL

साचा:Citation Style documentation/chapterurl

Anchor

साचा:Citation Style documentation/ref2

Identifiers

साचा:Citation Style documentation/id1 साचा:Citation Style documentation/id2

Quote

साचा:Citation Style documentation/quote

Laysummary

साचा:Citation Style documentation/lay

Display options

साचा:Citation Style documentation/display

Subscription or registration required

साचा:Citation Style documentation/registration

Examples

Books

Three authors, a volume, and an edition. Ampersand (&) forced before final author's name.

{{Citation
| last1  = Lincoln
| first1 = A.
| last2  = Washington
| first2 = G.
| last3  = Adams
| first3 = J.
| lastauthoramp = yes
| title     = All the Presidents' Names
| publisher = The Pentagon
| place     = Home Base, New York
| volume  = XII
| edition = 2nd
| year    = 2007
}}

Lincoln, A.; Washington, G. & Adams, J. (2007), साचा:Link, vol. XII (2nd ed.), Home Base, New York: The Pentagon

Web

Web page

{{Citation
| url   = http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/
| title = NPS Focus
| work  = National Register of Historic Places
| publisher  = [[National Park Service]]
| accessdate = November 30, 2010
| ref = none
}}

साचा:Link, National Park Service, <http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/>. Retrieved on

Archived page

{{Citation
| url = http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/atmosphere.html
| title = Earth's Atmosphere
| accessdate = October 25, 2007
| publisher  = [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]
| year   = 1995
| author = NASA
| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071013232332/http://
liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/atmosphere.html
| archivedate = October 13, 2007
}}

NASA (1995), साचा:Link, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, <http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/atmosphere.html>. Retrieved on

Journals, newspapers, magazines, or other periodicals

Journal article

{{Citation
| last  = Hill
| first = Marvin S.
| title = Joseph Smith and the 1826
Trial: New Evidence and New
Difficulties
| journal = BYU Studies
| volume  = 12
| issue   = 2
| year    = 1976
| pages   = 1–8
| url     = https://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/PDFSRC/12.2Hill.pdf
}}

Hill, Marvin S. (1976), "साचा:Link", BYU Studies 12 (2): 1–8, <https://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/PDFSRC/12.2Hill.pdf>

Journal article with multiple authors and identifier

{{Citation
| last1  = Mandelkern
| first1 = M,
| last2  = Elias
| first2 = J,
| last3  = Eden
| first3 = D,
| last4  = Crothers
| first4 = D
| display-authors = 2
| title   = The dimensions of DNA in solution
| journal = J Mol Biol
| volume  = 152
| issue   = 1
| pages   = 153–161
| year    = 1981
| pmid    = 7338906
| doi     = 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90099-1
}}

Mandelkern, M,; Elias, J,; Eden, D, & Crothers, D (1981), "साचा:Link", J Mol Biol 152 (1): 153–161, PMID 7338906, DOI 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90099-1

Newspaper article

{{Citation
| last  = Smith
| first = Joseph III
| author-link = Joseph Smith III
| title = Last Testimony of Sister Emma
| newspaper = The Saints' Herald
| publication-place = Plano, IL
| volume = 26
| issue  = 19
| date   = October 1, 1879

| page   = 289
| url    = http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/
IL/sain1872.htm#100179
}}

Smith, Joseph III (October 1, 1879), "साचा:Link", The Saints' Herald (Plano, IL) 26 (19): 289, <http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/IL/sain1872.htm#100179>

Conference papers and public lectures

Conference paper

{{Citation
| last   = Sullivan
| first  = D.B.
| contribution = Time and frequency measurement
 at NIST: The first 100 years
| year   = 2001
| title  = 2001 IEEE Int'l Frequency Control Symp.
| publisher = National Institute of Standards and Technology
| contribution-url = http://tf.nist.gov/timefreq/general/pdf/1485.pdf
| chapter-format = PDF
}}

Sullivan, D.B. (2001), साचा:Link, साचा:Link, National Institute of Standards and Technology

Lecture

{{Citation
| last   = Habicht
| first  = Christian
| contribution = Hellenistic Athens and her Philosophers
| year   = 1988
| title  = David Magie Lecture, Princeton University Program in the History, Archaeology, and Religions of the Ancient World
| publisher = Princeton University
| page=14 
}}

Habicht, Christian (1988), साचा:Link, साचा:Link, Princeton University, p. 14

Parts of books, including encyclopedia articles

Manuscript published in an edited compilation	{{Citation \| last = Bidamon \| first = Emma Smith \| author-link = Emma Hale Smith \| chapter = Letter to Emma S. Pilgrim \| date = March 27, 1876 \| editor-last = Vogel \| editor-first = Dan \| title = Early Mormon Documents \| volume = 1 \| publisher = Signature Books \| publication-date = 1996 \| isbn = 1-56085-072-8 }}	Bidamon, Emma Smith (March 27, 1876), साचा:Link, in Vogel, Dan, साचा:Link, vol. 1, Signature Books, 1996, ISBN 1-56085-072-8
Work with an editor but no author	{{Citation \| editor-last = Vogel \| editor-first = Dan \| title = Early Mormon Documents \| volume = 1 \| publisher = Signature Books \| publication-date = 1996 \| isbn = 1-56085-072-8 }}	Vogel, Dan, ed. (1996), साचा:Link, vol. 1, Signature Books, ISBN 1-56085-072-8
Encyclopedia article by a named author	{{Citation \| last = Kramer \| first = Martin \| author-link = Martin Kramer \| year=1999 \| title = Bernard Lewis \| editor-last = Boyd \| editor-first = Kelley \| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing \| volume = 1 \| pages = 719–720 \| location = London \| publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn \| url = http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/BernardLewis.htm }}	Kramer, Martin (1999), Boyd, Kelley, ed., साचा:Link, vol. 1, London: Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 719–720, <http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/BernardLewis.htm>
Encyclopedia article with no named author	{{Citation \| title = Bernard Lewis \| editor-last = Boyd \| editor-first = Kelley \| year = 1999 \| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing \| volume = 1 \| pages = 719–720 \| publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn \| location = London \| url = http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/BernardLewis.htm }}	Boyd, Kelley, ed. (1999), साचा:Link, vol. 1, London: Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 719–720, <http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/BernardLewis.htm>

Republications, or edited quotations in a periodical article

Manuscript edited and published in a journal

{{Citation
| last = Knight
| first = Joseph, Sr.
| year = 1833
| editor-last = Jessee
| editor-first = Dean
| title = Joseph Knight's Recollection
of Early Mormon History
| journal = BYU Studies
| volume = 17
| issue = 1
| publication-date = 1976
| page = 35
| url = https://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/PDFSRC/17.1Jessee.pdf
}}

Knight, Joseph, Sr. (1833), Jessee, Dean, ed., "साचा:Link", BYU Studies 17 (1): 35, 1976, <https://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/PDFSRC/17.1Jessee.pdf>

Manuscript written at one date and place, then published in a periodical at a different date and place with commentary by the editor.

{{Citation
| last = Klingensmith
| first = Philip
| type = Affidavit
| date = September 5, 1872
| place = Lincoln County, Nevada
| title = Mountain Meadows Massacre
| editor-last = Toohy
| editor-first = Dennis J.
| journal = Corinne Daily Reporter
| publication-date = September 24, 1872
| publication-place = Corinne, Utah
| volume = 5
| issue = 252
| page = 1
| url = http://udn.lib.utah.edu/u?/corinne,5359
}}

Klingensmith, Philip (September 5, 1872), written at Lincoln County, Nevada, Toohy, Dennis J., ed., "साचा:Link", Corinne Daily Reporter (Corinne, Utah) 5 (252): 1, September 24, 1872, <http://udn.lib.utah.edu/u?/corinne,5359>

Press release

Press release with quotation

{{Citation
| url = http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/04/05ipad.html
| title = Apple Sells Over 300,000 iPads First Day
| publisher = Apple Inc
| accessdate = April 10, 2010
| quote = in the US as of midnight Saturday, April 3
| ref = none}}

साचा:Link, Apple Inc, <http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/04/05ipad.html>. Retrieved on

Citing patents

Parameters (all are optional)

{{Citation \| inventor-last = \| inventor-first = \| inventorlink = \| inventor2-last = \| inventor2-first = \| inventorlink2 = \| publication-date = \| issue-date = \| title = \| country-code = \| description = \| patent-number = \| ref = }}	inventor-last (or inventor1-last): The inventor's surname or last name. inventor-first (or inventor1-first): The inventor's first or given name(s). inventorlink (or inventorlink1): Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the first inventor. inventor2-last, inventor3-last, inventor4-last: The second, third, and fourth authors' surname or last name, if applicable. inventor2-first, inventor3-first, inventor4-first: The second, third, and fourth inventors' first or given name(s), if applicable. inventorlink2, inventorlink3, inventorlink4: Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the second, third, and fourth inventor, if applicable. publication-date: Date of publication or filing. issue-date (or date): Date patent was issued by patent agency. title: Title of the patent. If the title includes [square brackets], these must be encoded as "`[`" for "[" and "`]`" for "]" country-code: Two-letter abbreviation of the country issuing the patent. description: Type of patent; shown between country code and number. patent-number: The number of the patent. ref: Anchor id.

Examples

United States patent with multiple inventors

{{Citation
| inventor1-last = Degermark
| inventor1-first = Mikael
| inventor2-last = Brodnik
| inventor2-first = Andrej
| inventor3-last = Carlsson
| inventor3-first = Svante
| inventor4-last = Pink
| inventor4-first = Stephen
| title = Fast routing lookup system
using complete prefix tree, bit vector,
and pointers in a routing table for
determining where to route IP datagrams
| issue-date = 2001
| patent-number = 6266706
| country-code = US}}

साचा:Citation/patent

Anchored citations

This template can generate a citation that can be combined with shortened footnotes or parenthetical referencing. It does this by creating an HTML anchor containing an ID. The special parameter |ref=harv generates an ID suitable for Harvard referencing templates such as {{harv}} as specified in the next section; this is the default for the {{citation}} template. To disable anchor generation, specify |ref=none (in contrast, other Cite templates such as {{cite book}} and {{cite news}} do not create an anchor by default). You can also specify the ID directly, using the |ref=ID parameter. For example, suppose an article's References section contains the markup:

{{Citation |author=Sigmund Freud |title=Civilization and Its Discontents |year=1930 |ref=CivDis}}

which generates the citation:

Sigmund Freud (1930), साचा:Link

Then, the markup "([[#CivDis|Freud 1930]])" generates a parenthetical reference "(Freud 1930)" containing a wikilink to the citation (try clicking on the wikilink).

Anchors for Harvard referencing templates

IDs compatible with Harvard referencing templates such as {{harv}} are computed from the last names of the authors and the year of the cited source. For example, the markup "{{harv|Wright|Evans|1851|p=ix}}" generates the Harvard reference "साचा:Harv", which wikilinks to the citation whose markup and appearance are shown below:

{{Citation |last1=Wright |first1=Thomas |last2=Evans |first2=R. H. |title=Historical and Descriptive Account of the Caricatures of James Gillray |location=London |publisher=Henry G. Bohn |year=1851 |oclc=59510372}}
Wright, Thomas & Evans, R. H. (1851), साचा:Link, London: Henry G. Bohn, OCLC 59510372

In this example the {{citation}} template defines, and the {{harv}} template uses, the HTML ID "CITEREFWrightEvans1851", composed by concatenating the string "CITEREF" with the last names of the authors and the year. The {{harvid}} template can be used to generate such IDs, for example, {{harvid|Wright|Evans|1851}} generates "साचा:Harvid".

Related methods which leave only a number in the text are to use the {{harvnb}} template enclosed in the <ref></ref> html code, or to use the {{sfn}} template alone. The example above would be <ref>{{harvnb|Wright|Evans|1851|p=ix}}</ref> or {{sfn|Wright|Evans|1851|p=ix}} both of which generate a footnote, such as

17. साचा:Harvnb

The names of only the first four authors are used; other author names are not concatenated to the ID. If no author names are given, editor names are used instead. For patents, inventor names are used instead of authors or editors. If these names are not given, this template does not generate an anchor.

Last names are used, as specified by the parameters |last1= (or |last=), |last2=, |last3=, and |last4=, and similarly for |editor1-last= etc. and for |inventor1-last= etc. If a full name is given but no last name is specified, this template falls back on the full name, but this usage is not recommended. For example, in "{{Citation | author = Sigmund Freud | title = The Ego and the Id | year = 1923}}" no last name is given, so this citation cannot be combined with the Harvard reference "{{harv|Freud|1923}}". To make these {{citation}} and {{harv}} invocations compatible, either replace "|author=Sigmund Freud" with "|first=Sigmund |last=Freud", or add "|ref={{harvid|Freud|1923}}" to the {{citation}} invocation, or add the same ref parameter (say, "|ref=EgoId") to both the {{citation}} and the {{harv}} invocations.

Similarly, the year is used, as specified by |year=. If no year is given, this template attempts to derive the year from |date= (or, if no date is given, from |publication-date=) by applying the MediaWiki#time function. This heuristic works with many common date formats (American, International and ISO 8601 standard format YYYY-MM-DD as listed in WP:MOS), but may not work as expected with other formats, so when in doubt it may be safer to use |year=. Note that if only a year, say 2005, is known you must use |year=2005 rather than |date=2005.

IDs must be unique

Names, years, and hand-specified IDs must be chosen so that the IDs are unique within a page; otherwise the HTML will not conform to the W3C standards, and any references to the citations will not work reliably. For example, suppose a page contains the following two citations with {{harv}}-compatible IDs:

Montes, G. & Halterman, J. S. (2008a), "साचा:Link", Pediatrics 121 (4): e821–e826, PMID 18381511, doi:10.1542/peds.2007-1594, <http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/121/4/e821>
Montes, G. & Halterman, J. S. (2008b), "साचा:Link", Pediatrics 122 (1): e202–e208, PMID 18595965, doi:10.1542/peds.2007-3037, <http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/122/1/e202>

If these citations were altered to say "2008" rather than "2008a" and "2008b", the resulting page would not work, because the two different citations would both attempt to use the ID "CITEREFMontesHalterman2008". To avoid this problem, distinguish the citations by appending suffixes to the years, e.g. "|year=2008a" and "|year=2008b", as was done above. Any Harvard references to these citations should use years with the same suffixes.

It is good practice to verify that a page does not contain duplicate IDs by using the W3C Markup Validation Service; see External links.

Dates

↑
The format of dates in the references of an article should use consistent and unambiguous styles. Example formats used in Wikipedia citations include:
- 2009
- 2009-09-14 (ISO 8601 standard format: YYYY-MM-DD)
- 14 September 2009
- September 14, 2009 (with comma)
- September 2009
Dates should not be linked in references. Please see Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)#Dates for more guidance about formatting dates.

Tools

See Wikipedia:Citing sources#Citation templates and tools for a list of tools that can help create a reference in the "citation" format.

TemplateData

This template data section needs to be edited. It includes deprecated parameters and does not include parameters that were added in the Lua updates. It also includes a mix of patent and non-patent parameters.

This is the TemplateData for this template used by TemplateWizard, VisualEditor and other tools. Click here to see a monthly parameter usage report for this template based on this TemplateData.

TemplateData for Citation

जेसनमध्ये (JSON) वाक्यरचना त्रुटी.

साचा:UF-COinS

साचा:Wikipedia referencing

[dates-1] The format of dates in the references of an article should use consistent and unambiguous styles. Example formats used in Wikipedia citations include:
2009

2009-09-14 (ISO 8601 standard format: YYYY-MM-DD)

14 September 2009

September 14, 2009 (with comma)

September 2009
Dates should not be linked in references. Please see Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)#Dates for more guidance about formatting dates.

[2] 2009

[3] 2009-09-14 (ISO 8601 standard format: YYYY-MM-DD)

[4] 14 September 2009

[5] September 14, 2009 (with comma)

[6] September 2009

[n १]

Simple citation

Example

Full citation parameters

Parameters

Syntax

COinS

Deprecated

Description

Authors

Editors

Title

Date

Periodical

Publisher

Edition, series, volume

In-source locations

URL

Chapter URL

Anchor

Identifiers

Quote

Laysummary

Display options

Subscription or registration required

Examples

Books

Web

Journals, newspapers, magazines, or other periodicals

Conference papers and public lectures

Parts of books, including encyclopedia articles

Republications, or edited quotations in a periodical article

Press release

Citing patents

Parameters (all are optional)

Examples

Anchored citations

Anchors for Harvard referencing templates

IDs must be unique

Dates

Tools

TemplateData